Hepatocellular carcinoma: aetiology, features ABC: Aetiology: Aflatoxins Hep B Cirrhosis • Features: AFP increased (classic marker) Bile-producing (DDx from cholangiocarcinoma) Commonest primary liver tumor
Goitre: differential GOITRE: Goitrogens Onset of puberty Iodine deficiency Thyrotoxicosis/ Tumor/ Thyroiditis [Hashimoto's] Reproduction [pregnancy] Enzyme deficiencies
Renal failure (chronic): consequences ABCDEFG: Anemia -due to less EPO Bone alterations -osteomalacia -osteoporosis -von Recklinghausen Cardiopulmonary -atherosclerosis -CHF -hypertension -pericarditis D vitamin loss Electrolyte imbalance -sodium loss/gain -metabolic acidosis -hyperkalemia Feverous infections -due to leukocyte abnormalities and dialysis hazards GI disturbances -haemorrhagic gastritis -peptic ulcer disease -intractable hiccups
Adrenal disorders: Cushing's vs Addison's Cushing: is Gushing cortisol. In Addison's: patient's cortisol doesn't Add up. Aneurysm types MAD SCAB: Mycotic Atherosclerotic Dissecting Syphilitic Capillary microaneurysm Arteriovenous fistula Berry
Nephrotic syndrome: hallmark findings "Protein LEAC": Proteinuria Lipid up Edema Albumin down Cholesterol up • In nephrotic, the proteins leakout.
Ovarian cancers: important types, by WHO classification • Surface: "My Sister Began Experiencing Cancer": Mucinous Serous Brenner Endometrioid Clear • Germ cell: "Doctor Examined The Ovaries": Dysgerminoma Endometrial sinus Teratoma Ovarian choriocarcinoma • Sex cord: "She Felt Grim": Sertoli-Leydig Fibroma Granulosa-theca • Metastatic "Killed": Krukenberg
Kwashiorkor: distinguishing from Marasmus FLAME: Fatty Liver Anemia Malabsorption Edema Hemolytic anemia types SHEEP T!T: Sickle cell Heriditary splenocytosis Enzyme deficiencies: [G6P, pyruvate kinase] Erythroblastosis fetalis Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Trauma to RBCs Immunohemolytics: [warm Ab, cold Ag] Thalassemias: [alpha, beta]
Oral cancer risks PATH LAB: Plummer-vinson syndrome Alcohol Tobacco Human papilloma virus Leukoplakia Asbestos Bad oral hygiene Calculi: types CAlCUli: Calcium Ammonium magnesium phosphate Cystine Uric acid Wernicke-Korsakoff triad Syndrome in alchoholics, who love to "drink CANs of beer": Confusion Ataxia Nystagmus
Wernicke-Korsakoff's psychosis: findings COAT RACK: • Wernicke's encephalopathy (acute phase): Confusion Ophthalmoplegia Ataxia Thiamine tx. • Korsakoff's psychosis (chronic phase): Retrograde amnesia Anterograde amnesia Confabulation Korsakoff's psychosis
Atherosclerosis risk factors "You're a SAD BET with these risk factors": Sex: male Age: middle-aged, elderly Diabetes mellitus BP high: hypertension Elevated cholesterol Tobacco
Duchenne vs. Becker Muscular Dystrophy Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) : Doesn't Make Dystrophin. Becker Muscular Dystrophy (BMD): Badly Made Dystrophin (a truncated protein). Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) subtype classification Each subtype has 2 or 3 causes, plus something 1 or 2 more items. MEN I is disease of 3 P's: [Pituitary, Parathyroid, Pancreas] plus one more: adrenal cortex. MEN II is disease of 2 C's: [Carcinoma of thyroid, Catacholamines (pheochromocytoma)] plus two more: parathyroid for MEN IIa or mucocutaneous neuromas for MEN IIB (also called MEN III).
Takayasu's disease is Pulseless disease "Can't Tak'a ya pulse" (Can't take your pulse): Takayasu's disease known as Pulseless disease, since pulse is weakened in the upper extremities. Hypercalcemia: symptoms of elevated serum levels "Bones, Stones, Groans, Moans": Bones: pain in bones Stones: renal Groans: pain Psychic moans/ Psychological overtones: confused state